Economics 21

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  PROTECTION AGAINST FRAUD IN ELECTRONIC TRADE PAYMENTS

  The past decades have seen continuous advancements of infor¬mation and communication technologies that have substantially altered economy on a local, national and global scale. The employment of these technologies creates and tranfers to economic entities significant economic and social effects, yet it poses serious challenges to the security of ... The past decades have seen continuous advancements of infor¬mation and communication technologies that have substantially altered economy on a local, national and global scale. The employment of these technologies creates and tranfers to economic entities significant economic and social effects, yet it poses serious challenges to the security of the digital environment. An increasingly complicated issue is that of unlawful activities with payment transactions in trade. This paper reviews the nature of crimes related to payments in the physical and the digital environment; the characteristics of different technological means of safeguarding online payments, as well as some opportunities for improving the safety of individuals when using the Internet to make commercial payments.

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  INFRASTRUCTURE CHARGES LEVIED IN AIR TRANSPORTION – CURRENT ISSUES AND PERSPECTIVES

  The paper reviews the progress achieved so far in terms of applying the major principles of levying infrastructure charges in air transportation by analysing the charge rates in the country for access to airports and for air navigation services. It also comments on some problems arising in result of applying the current charge rates and suggests ... The paper reviews the progress achieved so far in terms of applying the major principles of levying infrastructure charges in air transportation by analysing the charge rates in the country for access to airports and for air navigation services. It also comments on some problems arising in result of applying the current charge rates and suggests possible solutions. The author of the paper conducts a SWOT analysis that summarises the opportunities for improving charge rates and the immediate benefits which could be obtained as a result of using those opportunities in applying infrastructure charges in air transportation.

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  THE 10 DON’TS TO MANAGER’S EFFICIENCY

  The study of human history reveals that all authorities share a common attribute (feature) – the pursuit to consolidate, preserve and reproduce their power. This principle applies to the behavior of managers, too, since they need to ensure the efficient performance of the organisations they are in charge of and survive as the heads of those ... The study of human history reveals that all authorities share a common attribute (feature) – the pursuit to consolidate, preserve and reproduce their power. This principle applies to the behavior of managers, too, since they need to ensure the efficient performance of the organisations they are in charge of and survive as the heads of those organisations. When approached from a broader perspective, issues are further complicated by the intervention of the ego. Managers’ behavior is still rational and acceptable when the influence of their ego is within reasonable limits. Going beyond those limits may result in dictatorship and bureaucracy in the effort to retain their power. There are some fundamental rules which, if observed during the management process, could help managers and their teams avoid serious trouble.